---start--- first: a couple of things - course evaluation that is not the departments evaluation but rather her evaluation. please return to Dr. Overall when you get a chance. about the packet - the focus of the course is to get tools to do stuff in practice without buying the text. the focus of the exam is to get tools you can use. you will need the information in the packet in clinics. read the study questions. obsessive compulsive behavior in dogs hold on this could get extremely exciting here's a video of a separation anxiety dog. owner is leaving = saying goodbye to dog, asking him to sit. note plexiglass covering of door. this australian shepherd is now staring at window - his name is stuart. he is watching owners leave. he's watching, he's drooling. the windowsill is all scratched up. dog looks away, then looks back out. looks worried. now he yips. he's staring out the window. now he turns and goes away. he's moving around the room and he's whining - arh arh arh and getting more and more hysterical. goes back to window, stares. jumps and scratches at door. drooling. howling and barking. it's only been 3 minutes. now standing on window sill, staring out window, obviously very distressed. jumped right at the camera. he's getting more and more agitated as time goes by. still it's only been 8 minutes. now, he's eating a sofa cushion in front of the door. this dog is messed up. but now he is better. he's on clomipramine. but as he rips this pillow to shreds, he's crying - errrrerrrrerrr. owners got him a friend. put him on clomipramine. he's fabulous now. but before, this would last the whole time owners were gone, and then he'd throw themselves back at them when they returned. amount of time to get good blood level, amount of time it takes to get molecular changes in receptors, plus amount of time it takes to see changes, plus amount of time to make sure they won't improve further, plus about am month. so 4-6 mos minimum for meds, most patients can't be weaned off. factual hints: minimum of 2.4% of human population suffers from some form of OCD if you have any manifestation of OCD, chance that a first degree relative has it is high(oops missed the last part) are stereotypic behaviors a form of self-medication? do they do this to relieve boredom? ask yourself where the anxiety is going. veal calves - held in stanchion and tethered. they roll their tongues. they can't do any normal behaviors. all they can do is move their tongues and suck. if they do that, they don't develop abomasal ulcers. if you stop them from doing that, they do get abomasal ulcers. that's why people think it's self medication - you do the ritualistic behavior to prevent anatomic and physiologic signs of distress and stress. but are you fixing it? tongue rolling is another sign. these aren't medication. they are a rule structure which fails. people say "he does this b/c he is bored." this being running around in circles, licking paws, destroying furniture. what is boredom in a dog? primate in cage - removing social animal from social structure, no stimulus - sure, it gets bored. but a pet dog isn't socially distressed. why dn't all dogs left fenced run fences? people say they are doing it b/c they are bored, but they are not. can dogs and cats obsess, and how would you recognize this given their phylogeny? many people think this is not "obsessive" compulsive disorder. but dr o says it is. how do you know if someone is obsessing? ask. but you can tell if dog is having repetitive thoughts...look at dog in video! dog is doing the same thing over and over, and is obviously thinking about something that has to do with what is outside the window (probably the owner). you can't ask the dog if it is obsessing but you can see it. do you need a cracker, or do you just want a cracker, polly? role of stressors: actual or percieved percieved ones are largely ignored in vet med but consider motor tension autonomic activity symptoms of vigilance and scanning these are the DSM criteria for anxiety dog is obviously anxious. why? well, must be cognizant individual. we don't KNOW how dog percieves things. but if you watch their behaviors, they are percieving something and are distressed. in OCD - dog will spin until exhausted, can't continue. they see their tail - tail starts to move as if controlled by another force - they growl at it, chase it - is it logical? no. it's pathological. do not think all ritualistic behaviors are OCD. one border collie came in because it was "obsessed with catching the Chew Man." he didn't have OCD, he just focused on the task at hand. history taking is same as for any other thing but emphasize: how long has it been going on actual description how often - hourly, daily, weekly, monthly - monthly isn't OCD. but if formerly monthly, now weekly or daily - could be turning into OCD. duration - seconds, hours, etc. are there any changes? should be history of changes. can you do anything to stop the behavior? usually not til animal collapses. can only dx this if the stereotypical behavior takes more and more of animal's time and interferes with ability to do normal activity. OCD develops during social maturity early on, competing stimulus may change or abort behavior time spent in activity increases abnormal behavior gradually displaces normal abnormal behaviors change in qualitative features - intensity, profile videos: remember what she said - border collies like to chase things, it is what they do. this dog has OCD - this is an english springer spaniel - spaniels are supposed to hunt. they flush things out, go and get them. this dog is sniffing around baseboards, pushing up a blanket off the floor and sniffing under it. this dog was shoving the carpet up off the floor at home. this dog seems like he's seeing/hearing stuff under the blanket. he acts like he's flushing something out. he's stiffening - he's lost 10 kgs in two months, spend sall day doing this, to the exclusion of any normal behavior. this is shaped by his breed's inherent tendency - when a springer has this, he's likely to have it relate to flushing behavior. he pays no attention to other dogs or kid or anything. breed features shape the abnormal behavior. other videos: Zia tantio - saluki - dog who panicked and ripped out her claws in the open run before, recall? she has panic disorder secondary to OCD. she's doing fly-catching behavior. she lure courses. this started new year's eve day when she was being taken to lure coursing event. has always been in lower crate in closed van but this time was in top cage in open van with windows. this started the next day. why? dunno. some circuit popped. with functional imaging, maybe could figure it out. she's hiding in the corner under a table and now she's acting normal. when she's out in the open she acts like she's trying to catch flies. why? dunno. she seems to think something is coming to get her. when she's in protected space she's able to stop. Cody - started with mild chasing of feet, mild distress. now, he can't stop sucking his hind foot and circling. he does this all the time. you can interrupt him a little. you can pet him. but if you try to stop him from circling, he snarls and he will not bite the owner but will growl and persist in the circling. he circles holding his foot in his mouth. trying to abort this - dog still keeps doing it. derm, neuro, exams totally normal. MRI normal. but he does this. even playing with other dogs, he does this. other dogs just sort of back away. why is he doing this? who knows? he's obsessive compulsive. factors affecting treatment success: client compliance: number one factor. age of onset: important - covaries with duration of condition in terms of how long the dog was normal. dog who starts showing signs at social maturity may do better than 9 month old puppy who was dropped on head at 3 mos and may actually have brain injury in same region of brain which is affected by OCD, so injury could have changed structure to cause this OCD. accurate diagnosis pattern of changes: good for safety determinations. if it's predictable pattern you can intervene, be safer. duration of condition: important - length of time changes neural substrate predictability in outbursts obedience training? no association with this. obedience champions can have OCD. search and rescue dogs, drug dogs, etc. obedience training is a sport. if you compete in obedienc,e it gives you a set of rules. clients are going to make the mistake of saying he's obedience trained so he doesn't have to do other stuff. but you still need rules for general life. look at NBA, NFL player behavior in general life. they need rulesets. time course of condition - shape of curve. did it change? slope of trajectory complex interactions - multiplicative event? interference? one dog had OCD and separation anxiety. stood perfectly still out of anxiety the minute the owner left the room; when owner came back would circle over and over. role of perturbations - when you are screaming and upset, probably the animals leave. when visitors come in, animals may be on edge. social systems are weird like that. family of curves chart animal A is normal - gets upset when something happens, gradually gets upset, then calms down back to baseline. B - reacts quickly, to higher level, still gets back to baseline C - moderate to prolonged distress, doesn't return to baseline C needs medication - you've already changed neurochemical substrate via longterm potentiation - learning and memory. can unlearn but need drugs. D: extreme distress, will get worse - need drugs. E: won't change ever. need drugs Choose drugs on basis of specific exclusiona nd inclusion criteria that are based on underlying mechanism if it's about anxiety, choose somethign that augments serotonin subtype 1a receptor stimulation. dominance aggression - if you think about it as an anxiety disorder about control or access to control in situations involving humans, you can think about using 5ht1a subtype receptor agonists. slide: neurotransmission cartoon. vesicles, NTs, exocytosis, calcium channels, etc. all SSRIs affect all serotonin receptors; some affect specific ones more than others. won't be on test: short term SSRI/TCA therapy TCAs and SSRIs cause short term increase in FHT and NE by inhibiting reuptake or breakdown of relevant NT (monoamine) - this involves the somatodendritic autoreceptors which control the rate of firing of 5HT neurons. initial decrease in firing rate of these neurons occurs, but increased receptor saturation - because you dump more NT into the gap, so you don't need to release more. this stimulates beta adrenergic receptor coupled cAMP system (we know). we think the profound effects depend on next phase long term tx decreases function and expressoin of some receptors, and increases cAMP signal transducton pathway. this increases levels of adenylyl cyclase, and cAMP dependent protein kinases, we get transloacation of protein kinases into nucleus, causing increases in cytosolic element binding protein...then brain derived neurotrophic factor increases and activity and intracellular tyrosine kinase receptors is also increased. this enhances growth of 5HT and NE neurons and protects them from neurotoxic damage. also remodels receptors and alters function through mRNA change - translational alteration in proteins are produced. you end up with a receptor that recognizes your own serotonin better. you don't need drugs the rest of your life if you can get the mRNA change sticks around but if you can't get the mRNA to stay fixed then you have to stay on the drugs. role for long term potentiation (LTP) - why it is so hard to change behavior we know it involves g protein, NMDA, AMPA receptors, calcium dependent. modulated through cAMP and protein kinases via translational changes in proteins. this is what happens when you learn. it occurs in various areas but mainly studied in hippocampus which is where TCAs and SSRIs work bets. LTP is the reason fears, phobias and profound anxieties are so hard to change with just behavior mod. you need the receptor shift. easiest to cause that with these drugs, that use the same mechanistic pathway to alter behavior. role of early intervention: shaping more appropriate behavior learning, LTP role of induction of fear role of accidentally encouraging behaviors that blur appropriate contexts role of using signalling and social/sexual systems do we need to dominate a dog to have a good relationship with the dog? how important is power to us? there is no word in dog's vocab for "submission." if you think you have to dominate the dog, it's like - if you go to obedience class and the dogs are wearing hoods and tying up the instructor, you need to dominate them - otherwise, you do not. distinguish punishment - when you use a behavior to interrupt an undesirable behavior, within first 30-60 seconds, to interrupt and decrease probability of recurrence. if you yell "shut up" dog will shut up but you didn't decrease probability. that's abuse. if it isn't about teaching the dog, it is abuse. if all you do is chain the dog in the yard, that is abuse too. you aren't meeting his social needs. if it is about you and not the dog, it is abuse. chin slap - abusive and injurious. do not slap dog under the chin. that teaches dog you are a threat. startle - not ear piercing whistle. for some dogs startling is a click. for others, clearing throat. scruff shaking - nope. bad idea. can cause cervical injury and teaches dog you are a threat. dogs hold other dogs at the back of the neck. they do not shake them. alpha wolf roll - nope. this is about the person. it might have the effect of getting your face removed. you shouldn't do this. this is abuse. it is about people - people who need help, and dogs who need it more. it is wrong. 5/26/96: father is accused of abuse - used a shock collar "for fun at first" on his two young sons (Philly Inquirer) slide: child standing on dog's foot, kicking dog, other kid laughing. beating the dog will teach your kids to torture animals. wanna teach kids to beat other kids up? beat up the pet. do people have empathy for the dependancy of their pets? how would you feel if you were told you could only go to the bathroom at 7 am and 7 pm. rewards - why our inability to confer them speaks more about us than dogs. praise, love = reward sit is a stop signal in dogs - stop, look at me, i'm reliable, i will be here for you. you can teach this with a head collar. the head collar works with canine signals - presses where mom would press. safer. not injurious to trachea or spine. how to fix relationship with dogs: practice deferential behaviors do not use physical punishment teach dog you are not a threat reward good behaviors even when spontaneous don't worry about minor details - no one is perfect always let dog know he can have treats, love, toys if sits quietly never do something just b/c you can talk to dog, use name, signal clearly. be reliable and trustworthy. ---end----